Press and Sun-Bulletin from Binghamton, New York • 12

THE BINOHAMTOX PRESS, WEDNESDAY EVENING, JUNE 23, 3043. 12 SECRET SUPER-WEAPON (NO. 3): CALM IS RESTORED IN 'RIOT CITY'-BOMBS AND HONORS Radar Secrecy Order Was Given Belatedly; Friend, Foe Get Tip-Off By JOHN M. HIGIITOWER Associated Press War Editor (Copyright, 1043, by Associated Press) Washington, June 23 At that time June, 1930 the developers of Radar realized that their discoveries had gone far beyond original expectations. Here was a method which sharply limited the air I I I i.i ii -U li 111 mi i Si" i ii mm r- HA- iKrrrT .4 plane's then unchecked ability to to handle security was a bit belated.

Publication of the articles on Kennelly-Heaviside measurements had given our future Allies, the British and it must be assumed our future enemies as well the tip-off on radio detection. Had the ban been placed when Mr. Taylor first proposed his destroyer experiments in 1922, the secret might have been kept from the Germans and Japanese and could have been given to the British as many other secret devices, including our bombsights, were given. The belated secrecy order did serve to keep confidential from attack with surprise and demoralize defenses before they got into action. Here was one of the greatest tactical advances in warfare since the original evolution of the military uses of aircraft.

There followed several mpnths of intensive experiments with aircraft detection. Various radio frequencies were tried out. Albert Hoyt Taylor and his associates, including Carlos B. Mirick, who then directed the Naval Research Laboratory's aircraft radio section, spent weeks bouncing waves off planes around the naval air station and along the Mount Vernon boule anuary, 1931, until April, 1943, the main facts and technical prog- ress of Radar. Following the order, other navy bureaus were informed of the work in progress, and some got busy with, ideas for practical application.

In October, 1931, Cap wmMsaiMiiMtwtiwimmnniBni i Willi lanwai.L ii im wf mtJu-'-i stroGK, streets in jeeps in an effort to aver new race riots. The death toll reached 29 early today, -international ncw. photo. SHORE PATROL IN DETROIT Armed with clubs, tommy guns and rifles these men are patroling the hi ....1,1.11,1 Associated ress Photo From U. S.

Army Air Forces. RIGHT ACROSS THE TARGET-The target for this example of U. S. Army Air Forces precision bombing is an oil refinery at Leghorn, Italy. The bombs, laid by Flying Fortresses, hit right across the middle.

Note the white burst of flame as one of the tanks explodes. tain Bowen sent along to the laboratory a number of these ideas and suggestions for possible experiments. Mr. Taylor and his men had so far anticipated Radar's potentialities that he was able to reply immediately that all the proposals had previously been studied and found to be practical and possible. He urged intensification of research.

Finally Received Help While Mr. Taylor, whose field was much broader than Radar study alone, struggled for necessary recognition and funds, Mr. Young in his laboratory worked al vard on the Virginia side of the Potomac. Mr. Mirick's job was to keep a photographic record of the experiments, which he did with outstanding success, Mr.

Taylor said. Regular Waves Used All this work was carried on with regular radio waves, rather than with the pulses used in measuring the Kennelly-Heaviside layer (the world's electric roof, about 150 miles up). These waves required comparatively clumsy apparatus, including two widely separated antennae one for sending, the other for receiving. This bothered Mr. Taylor considerably, for he was a naval scientist seeking to develop a machine compact and simple enough to install on a ship without cluttering it up and antagonizing the officers.

The apparatus was entirely effective, however, and not too clumsy for use on land. At one time Mr. Taylor worked out a complete defense system for the city of Washington, using the detection equipment then developed. So information about the experiments and their possibilities in defense of the country against air -attack was turned over to the army in 1932. Army research, like that of the navy, was then starved for funds, and no vigorous progress along the lines suggested by Mr.

Taylor was made before 1936. Coasts Are Protected The research and development then undertaken by the U. S. Army Signal Corps eventually led to the system of Radar protection set up most day and night to discover and prove a technique for the pulse system of plane detection. He was convinced that only with pulses would a workable system ever be evolved.

lr JkmuCtj. i I i I 1 fttt li iii ill i Wit Tt' it I i III -tt fC Hil "After three or four months, during which Mr. Young was more or less alone," Mr. Taylor says, "I told him we had to have some help. And that's when I threw Mr.

Page in. Not long after he got on the job he did so well that we gave him an assistant, and he carried on. "Mr. Page has made more contributions to modern Radar than any other man." 'I 'V i A Vl ft -V, '-f: While Messrs. Taylor, Young, Gebhard and most of the others at the laboratory were veterans, Rob ert M.

Page was a youngster, but a brilliant worker, passionately de voted to physics. He had gone directly to N.R.L. from Hamline Uni lit-1 tf" zLr lit I I mm a 1 i -i around the coastal frontiers ot tne United States to detect the presence of aircraft while they still are many miles from land. This left unsolved the problem of what to do about protecting the versity, St. Paul, in 1927.

Jens M. Rysgaard, physicist and personal friend of Mr. Taylor's at Hamline, had given Mr. Page such navy's ships against air attack. For -miernauonai iews ir'nom.

after being gassed from their homes as police sought a sniper who shot at them from a window. ROUNDED UP IN SNIPER SEARCH Negro of a Detroit apartment building are lined up Associated Press Photo. PRESIDENT DANCES Gen. Higinio Morinigo, a time the best brains ot the research laboratory were baffled. That is, whenever they got a few quick minutes to think about the problem.

One day Leo C. Young, an associate of Mr. Taylor, strolled into Mr. Taylor's office with a hopeful gleam in his eyes. "Remember the Kennelly-Heaviside experiments?" he asked.

"Why doii't we do this thing with pulses?" president of Paraguay, and Lima Romay, singer, enjoy some South American music for a dance in New York. a glowing recommendation that when a new man was needed, he was chosen. New Generation at Work During 1934 Mr. Taylor gave Mr. Page the Radar job as a full time assignment and later detailed to him, as an assistant, a young physicist from the University of Montana who had been at N.R.L.

since 1929. Young, alert, affable in an easy, square cut manner, Robert C. Guthrie was a natural working mate for Mr. Page. The two men have been closely and profitably associated for a decade.

Their advent on the Radar scene marked the passing of the main fmmmmmrmmn If 3 i 'Well," Mr. Taylor replied, "it's a long wav up there to the iono' sphere. That gives you a long time-interval between emission of the oulse and first reception, which is probably why the pulse worked -JI fH At Ht fU r' for? -i hWlfl qi''i, mi .1 A wilW? IS Vi Vi. v1i S- If- Jff; CnA fJj so well in those experiments, doubt whether it would work on shipboard, considering the compact apparatus and the, short distances we must work with there." Did Not Reject Idea But Mr. Taylor never was a man to reject an idea simply because he disagreed with it.

He told Mr. Young to begin work on the pulse principle. Mr. Young started a new line of Radar development into the hands of a new generation. This fact serves as a checking point for what had happened in radio development outside the Naval Research Laboratory by that time, and it is interesting to note that while great strides had been made in such potentially commercial fields as television, there was but little that contributed directly to work on Radar.

This instrument in America was basically developed from start to finish by the scientists on the Potomac. Hams Help Project One tvpe of equipment for which research and worked more or less alone for three or four months. His problem was typical of all those encountered, before and after, in Radar development. The scientists were always reaching out for the unknown and the untried; a new electrical gadget, a different they had gone to the outside world all along, and continued to go, was the vacuum tube. Early in the game they tried out a variety of tubes and quickly found that only 'A I 4 iasV J.

"ll-'WiMW coil, or sparkgap or vacuum tube, might be the missing link needed to bring weeks of brain-wracking Photo by deClercq EIGHTH GRADE GRADUATES: Here are the graduates of St. Stanislaus School: THEIR SUB SANK 10 JAP SHIPS-On the wall of the officers' wardroom of this U. S. submarine appear the results of patrols in enemy waters in the Pacific-two warships sunk and eight merchant ships (one flag not Visible) Sent tO the bottom. -Associated Press PM- Second row: William Jus-kiewicz, Raymond Polakas, Henry Lenga, Alex Poplawski, Gertrude Szymajiska, Frank Lu-kasik, Leon Wisniewski, Clam Lasicki, Leonard Giiewski.

Front row, left to right: John Zwierzyski, Walter Szymaniak, Raymond Romankiewicz. Bernard Pudny, Edward Zembek, John Mazur, Joseph Maluchnik, Casimor Orzet. Third row: Dorothy Okomew-sha. Dolores Topa, Stephinia Kobylah, Theresa Pragacz, Elisabeth Heath, Mary Olrys, Joan Sigler, Rose Mari Dreja, Bernice Michalah, Isabelle Siedlarczyk. Fourth row: Joseph Gierlach, Theodore Price, Henry Majka, Carl Sierochi, Bernard Masa-kowski, Alfred Kolata, Chester Ciak, Albert Olechi, Chester Olbrys.

1 I 1 two were suitable for their hard use. Both of those were manufactured for radio amateurs, "hams." Mr. Taylor and Mr. Page give the anonymous thousands of old-time hams great credit for their unwitting contribution to Radar. "A ham," said Mr.

Taylor, "was a tough fellow to please when it came to tubes. If he was trying to talk with Des Moines and he couldn't reach it, he would merely turn up the power. It didn't bother him if he put 150 watts on a 50-watt tube. If the tube burned out, he just thought it wasn't any good. So he'd raise hell and get a new one.

"Those tubes we used were built to meet the demands of the ham. Anything less rugged was not suitable for our purposes." Mr. Page and Mr. Guthrie were using those ham tubes in their first experiments and it was not until several years later that funds became available for adequate purchase of tubes specially designed for Radar requirements. labor to fruition.

By this time a number of individual navy officers, including Harold G. Bowcn, then a captain, were much interested in the plane detection work. To understand the intensity of their interest it is only necessary to recall that for 10 years. Gen. William Mitchell, the prophet of air power, had been preaching the doom of the warship.

During those 10 years the commercially valuable airplane had made enormous technical progress; shipboard anti aircraft defense, seemingly with no conceivable commercial uses, had not. Taylor Gets Results Back in November, 1930, Mr. Taylor had made a comprehensive report to the navy's bureau of engineering, of which Capt. Bowen was then assistant chief, entitled "Radio-echo Signals from Moving Objects." The paper told about detection of ships and planes, how and why they were detected and what the 4 Navy to Quit Luxury Rest Home in Poconos tactical possibilities were. The admirals at the Navy Department did not even have to digest the thing.

It was all there Scranton, Pa, June 23 (INS) in highly assimilable form, like! plans were under way today by the pre-cooked baby food. This time! navy to abandon its palatial rest Mr. Taylor got results. ihome for naval officers in the Po- The engineering bureau's radio Conos. The $1,000,000 structure division studied Mr.

Taylors re will be returned to its owners when the government's lease expires on June 30. Lieut. Comm. John B. (Jocki Sutherland, former football coach of the University of Pittsburgh and the Brooklyn Dodgers, who is in port, which contained the first formal statement of airplane detection work, for two months, then officially assigned the laboratory this problem: British Get Tip-off TUNES FOR SHIPYARD SHOW-Songwriter Peter De Rose readies some new tunes for 4he "Mare Island Follies," to be staged by workers of Mare Island Navy Yard, Vallejo, Cal.

Looking on is Mrs. De Rose, an A. W. V. S.

national director. As.oo.ted pre Photo by -These graduates received diplomas at the exercises at St. Mary's School. Coughlin, Edward Golden. abeth Schleider, Mary Therese Cordon, Mary Ward.

Winifred Second row: Edith Guistiniani, Wilson, Elizabeth Mangan, Mar- Griffin, Nelson Correll, Thomas Barbara Bartlett, Irene McLean, garet Brien. JhmaL Hrrif Marion Dickman, Mary Hurley, Agnes Short, Ruth Bulger, Eliz- Third row: The Rev. C. A. the Rev.

Lawrence Bassney. "Investigate the use of radio to 'charge, was ordered to move the detect the presence of enemy ves-1 personnel and equipment. Mr. sels and aircraft. Special empha-j Sutherland said the plan to aban-sis is placed on the confidential don "Pocono Manor" as a naval nature of this problem." rest home was a "purely routine'' The emphasis on confidence byimatter.

It was established nearly thow whose responsibility it was a year ago. AWARDED DIPLOMAS- Front row, left to right: John Donnelly, Armando Ranucci, Dominic DeSantis, Carl Ra-check. William Hogan, James.